7.55,21 110.23,39

Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X (b. 2 April 1946) is the hereditary king of the historical Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia, and is currently also the elected governor of the modern Yogyakarta Special Region. He was inaugurated on 3 October 1998.

According to special status granted to the Yogyakarta state when the Republic of Indonesia was formed, the hereditary king is to hold the position of governor of the province. However, this provision was not honored by the Indonesian central government when Hamengkubuwono X ascended the throne in 1988. The then-serving hereditary vice-governor Sri Paku Alam VIII, prince of an enclave within Yogyakarta, was instead elevated to the position of governor.

In 1998 the central government required an election be held for the post of governor, and Hamengkubuwono X was elected by the province's assembly.

[edit] Background

He was educated in law at the Universitas Gajah Mada in Yogyakarta.子孫日惹十世蘇丹是日惹特區的行政首長.

List of Sultans of Yogyakarta (1755-Present)
No. Name Reign start Reign end Notes
1. Hamengkubuwono I February 13, 1755 March 24, 1792
2. Hamengkubuwono II April 2, 1792 June 20, 1812
3. Hamengkubuwono III June 28, 1812 November 3, 1814
4. Hamengkubuwono IV November 9, 1814 December 6, 1823 first reign
5. Hamengkubuwono V December 19, 1823 August 17, 1826 first reign
4. Hamengkubuwono IV August 17, 1826 January 2, 1828 second reign
5. Hamengkubuwono V January 17, 1828 June 5, 1855 second reign
6. Hamengkubuwono VI July 5, 1855 July 20, 1877
7. Hamengkubuwono VII December 22, 1877 January 29, 1921
8. Hamengkubuwono VIII February 8, 1921 October 22, 1939
9. Hamengkubuwono IX March 18, 1940 October 2, 1988
10. Hamengkubuwono X March 7, 1989 incumbent

SULTAN AGUNG HANYOKROKUSUMO
r 1613-1645 Kutho Gedhe & Karto

AMANGKURAT I (AMANGKURAT AGUNG)
r 1646-1677 Pleret

AMANGKURAT II (AMANGKURAT AMRAL)
r 1677-1703 Kartasura

AMANGKURAT III (AMANGKURAT MAS)
r 1703-1704 M Kartasura

PAKUBUWONO I (SINUHUN PUGER)
r 1704-1719 Kartasura

AMANGKURAT IV (AMANGKURAT JOWO)
r 1719-1727 M Kartasura

PAKU BUWONO II (SINUHUN KOMBUL)
r 1727-1749 Kartasura @ Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO III
r 1749-1788 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO IV (SINUHUN BAGUS)
r 1788-1820 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO V (SINUHUN SUGIH)
r 1820-1823 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO VI (SINUHUN BANGUN TOPO)
r 1823-1830 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO VII
r 1830-1858 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO VIII
r 1858-1861 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO IX (SINUHUN BANGUN KEDHATON)
r 1861-1893 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO X (SINUHUN WICAKSONO)
r 1893-1939 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO XI
r 1939-1945 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO XII (SINUHUN AMARDHIKO)
r 1945-2005 Surakarta

PAKU BUWONO XIII
r 2005 - Surakarta

. transfer

三元不敗.

Daughter of Yogyakarta Sultan wedded

Slamet Susanto

Yogyakarta Sultan (king) and Governor Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X consented to the marriage of KPH Purbodiningrat with his third daughter, Gray Nurkamnari Dewi, at the Yogyakarta sultanate palace on Friday.

Among those attending the wedding were rulers from various sultanates across the country, cultural leaders, political party executives and prominent figures.

The couple solemnized their ijab qabul marriage vows in a ceremony led by the Sultan.

Both bride and bridegroom were engaged in the panggih ritual of facing each other after the ceremony, prior to receiving congratulations from their guests.

"Kiai Guntur Laut" Javanese music entertained the hundreds of guests at the royal reception.

Also present were Vice President Jusuf Kalla and his wife who were greeted in person by Sri Sultan and his wife GKR Hemas at Kencono Hall, inside the Yogyakarta palace complex.

A number of ministers were also in attendance including Industrial Minister Fahmi Idris, State Minister of Women's Empowerment Meutia Hatta, Manpower and Transmigration Minister Eman Soeparno, Agriculture Minister Anton Aprianto and Education Minister Bambang Sudibyo.

Other VIPs included senior Golkar figure Surya Paloh, former House speaker Akbar Tandjung, former president B.J. Habibie, former vice president Try Sutrisno, former Army chief of staff Subagio HS and Corruption Eradication Commission head Antasari Azhar.

The second wedding reception was held Friday evening and was estimated to be attended by some 5,000 guests. President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono and wife and former president Megawati Soekarnoputri were slated to attend. transfer

曾會神道碑云:古之所謂有盛德者,不在其身,而必在其子孫者.........歐陽修陳公神道碑云:陳氏載德,顯晦以時,其畜厚來遠,故能發大而流長...................

我國政黨政治的畸形發展
作者： shangbao
2008 年 04 月 09 日 23:49

文／鄺耀章

2009年參加大選的政黨看來並沒有減少，反而有增加的趨勢。舊黨表現欠佳，黨內鬧分裂或內訌，使部份精英脫黨，另組識新黨，使新黨數量不減反增。有些新成立的政黨，沒有意識形態，沒有遠大的目標，沒有宏偉的政見，一只為了短期的利益，這就是當前我國政黨政治的畸形發展。

政府法令規定，只有政黨推薦的人士才有資格參選議員，使有才幹的人士不能獨立競選，必須依附政黨，受到政黨的控制，甚至於必須獻出大筆金錢給政黨，才能獲得政黨的提名。這樣的法令使政黨成為高高在上的政治工具，任何要參政的人士必須附屬在政黨之下，受政黨的控制。

反過來，有錢的人士也因為出錢多而在政黨內佔盡了便宜，甚至能夠控制整個政黨，即使沒有才能，也能夠成為政黨的掌權者。結果是出錢多的人，設法從中賺取利益，最後演變成金錢政治，貪污枉法在所難免。而有才幹但經濟力量弱的人，沒有機會出來從政，這是政黨政治的缺點。

上世紀五十年代，民眾因為意識形態支持政黨，也因為持有不同的意識形態而反對某政黨，意識形態成為當時政黨衝突的主因，政黨被指影響了社會的安定，破壞了國家與民族的團結，使國家與民族趨於分裂。因此，當時的印尼第一任總統蘇卡諾希望縮減政黨的數量。


印尼獨立初期，蘇卡諾總統希望執行一黨制度，而副總統哈達則希望推行多黨制度。蘇卡諾與哈達的政治鬥爭，中蘇卡諾勝出，並於１９５９年７月５日發出總統命令，以反革命為理由裁減了數個政黨，其中被解散的政黨有瑪蘇米（Masyumi/回教黨）及印尼社會黨(PSI)。然後蘇卡諾將所有政黨分別組成三大主軸，即民族主義、宗教主義、共產主義三大主軸，稱為「諾沙共」，以方便集中權力，控制政黨，實行其領導型民主。

１９６６年蘇卡諾下台，新秩序上台，蘇哈多掌握政權，認為政黨對國家與民族的團結不利，嚴禁新政黨成立，並將所有政黨歸納入兩大陣營，即從業集團與宗教集團。

９０年代中期，司里．賓丹．巴蒙卡斯(Sri Bintang Pamungkas)成立了印尼聯合民主黨(PUDI)，及布迪曼．蘇查米可(Budiman Sudjatmiko)成立了人民民主黨(PRD)，但兩黨均未被政府承認，並被列為非法政黨，兩位黨主席也遭到監禁。


１９９８年新秩序倒後，開放黨禁，此時的政黨不再以意識形態為重，而是以政治利益與經濟利益為重，２００４年大選後，政治版圖重整，政黨仍然未能真正代表人民的利益，未能為人民爭取應有的權利，而只是為政黨本身或相關的集團爭取利益。政黨本身因為利益的關係，也發生內訌甚至於引致分裂。政黨在人民的心目中的聲望跌到最低谷。

無論新成立的政黨或舊政黨，只把人民當作他們競選的工具，一旦競選勝利，他們完全忘了對人民的承諾，忘了為人民爭取應有的福利，甚至於為了自身的利益，做出了貪贓枉法的事。人民對政黨已失去信心，專家估計，２００９年的大選，空白票的比率會增加，在改革開放的時代，投空白票是不違法的，但在新秩序時代，投空白票是違法的，當時新秩序政權禁止人民以空白票對執政者表示不滿。

政治人物為了因應人民對政黨的不再信任，及部份政黨鬧內訌，促使部份政治人士另起爐灶成立新政黨，希望新政黨以新的形象吸引選民，因此新政黨如雨後春筍般出現，但根據大選法令，要達到參選標準，政黨仍需要發展到一定的程度才能參選。

目前我國的政黨情況是；沒有一黨獨大，許多小黨出現，這些小黨大選後也許就被淘汰掉、泡沫化，也許連參選的資格都沒有，它們沒有意識形態，沒有遠大的目標，沒有宏偉的政見，沒有宣傳口號，一切只為了爭取短期的利益，這就是目前我國政黨政治的情況。 transfer(此文看後可删)

此皇陵蔭生多个皇帝,至今猶在,但權力自1945年已縮少為自治區首長.

顶.